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Dynamic Microphones
Dynamic microphones are very similar to a speaker but operate in reverse of a speaker. Both speaker and microphone consist of a cone with a long coil attached to the apex. In fact, a speaker such a headphone can be used as a microphone. Dynamic microphones operate based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When there is a change in sound pressure, the diaphragm moves and causes the long coil to move along. As a result an output voltage or electrical energy is generated when a long coil cut across the flux lines of magnetic field. This mechanism do not require battery or external power supplies. They are cheap and more reliable. Usually with careful use of dynamic microphone, they require less or nor maintenance.
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Condenser Microphones
Unlike the dynamic microphones, these require a supply of electricity to make them work. They consist of a lightweight membrane and a fixed plate. The membrane or diaphragm is coated with aluminum, nickel, or gold. Capacitance is generated between two electrodes (membrane and the fixed plate). When sound pressure moves the membrane, a change in capacitance results in an output voltage or electrical energy. In a recent development, an electrode from an electret condenser microphone can remain charged for life. Even though electret condenser microphone does not need a power supply but it needs impedance that require a power supply. Because the nature of the design, a condenser can pick up high frequency sound as well as low frequency response. They are much lighter than the dynamic microphones and can handle noise.
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